
PENMANSHIP 

DRAWING 

and 

BOOKKEEPING 




final eighth grade questions 

^ OF NEBRASKA ,-j. 

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S. ®f WITH ANSWERS X / 
IN SIMPLE LANGUAGE 


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Warp Publishing Company 

Minden, Nebraska 











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WARP’S REVIEW BOOKS 


Bookkeeping, Penmanship and 
Drawing Questions 

Issued by 

Nebraska State Department of Education 

For the 

FINAL EIGHTH GRADE EXAMINATIONS 
DURING THE PAST TWELVE YEARS 


ANSWERS 

IN SIMPLE LANGUAGE 

By 

OSCAR WARP 

Formerly County Superintendent of Schools, 

Minden, Nebraska, and j 

RUTH A. WARP ! 

For Twelve Years Teacher in Rural and City Schools j 

♦ 


Published by j 

WARP PUBLISHING COMPANY ! 

i 

Minden, Nebraska 












PREFACE 


LB30S5 

,NsWs - 

Ever since the Educational Department of Nebraska 
began issuing Eighth Grade examination questions, there 
has been need of a book, or books, containing comprehen¬ 
sive answers. 

To do justice to a work of this kind and not make it 
voluminous has been no light task as it has meant many 
months of patient research and labor of condensing from 
bhe best authorities. There may be undiscovered errors 
in the books and we would gratefully acknowledge any 
corrections of such. 

Reviews form an important part of school work and 
every child must be led to recall again and again the 
knowledge he has acquired. It is better for him to have 
a few facts well learned than many facts poorly learned. 

The object of these Review Books, in which we have 
endeavored to make the answers concise, yet comprehen¬ 
sive, is to render it easy for the busy teacher to test the 
classes daily, no matter how hard pressed for time. 

To those teachers who possess a library of books bear¬ 
ing upon all the themes taught in our schools, these 
books may not appeal, but to the thousands of young 
teachers who have had little experience and possess, at 
best, a very limited library and who are earnestly seeking 
to do their best in the school-room, we sincerely hope 
these volumes may prove helpful. 

THE AUTHORS. 

Copyright 1923. 

WARP PUBLISHING COMPANY 
, T ,. Minden, Nebraska 


DEC- 3*23 



1. Describe the proper manner of holding the pen, the 
proper position of the body while writing, and the proper 
position of the paper. 


./•'CONNECTIVE. SLANT 
2* MAIN SLANT /■ SPONGE CUP 
3-BLOT TER 
V- RT ELBOW 
S-L ELBOW 
L- PAPER 


The pen should be . held loosely between the 
thumb and the first two fingers. The hand 
should rest on the little finger and the tip of the 
fourth finger, gliding freely over the paper. The 
penholder should point near the shoulder. 

Position of body .—Keep both elbows near the 
edge of the desk. By so doing the shoulders are 
kept even and the spine straight laterally. Lean 












4 PENMANSHIP 

slightly forward, bending at the hips. The feet 
should rest flat on the floor. 

Position of paper .—The paper should be held 
neither parallel with the desk nor at right angles 
with the forearm but midway between these two 
so that the lower left hand corner and the upper 
right hand corner points toward the center of the 
body. 

2. What are movement exercises and of what use 
are they ? 

Movement exercises are forms upon which we 
practice to develop a free easy movement. They 
relieve muscular tension and produce correct 
form. 

3. Name three essentials of a good penman. 
Rapidity, legibility, ease and endurance are the 

requisites of 4 good penman. 

4. Name two requisites of a good penman. 

See No. 3. 

Make a list of the capital letters. 


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£0-rP£J?JJ7( IrWXtyJ 








6. What is the difference between the muscular and 
the finger system ? 

© Cl A 7 7 218 0 



QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 5 

Finger movement is forms produced by pro¬ 
pelling the pen with the muscles of the fingers and 
is usually a slow cramped motion. 

Muscular movement is forms produced by 
propelling the pen with the large muscles of the 
forearm. It is a free, easy motion. 

7. Write one line of any good movement exercise. 

Write any of the movement exercises such as 


the direct, reverse or continuous oval. 



8. Why is muscular movement better than finger 
movement ? 



6 


PENMANSHIP 


Because in muscular movement the pen is pro¬ 
pelled by the large muscles of the arm which are 
capable of doing a great deal of work with but lit¬ 
tle fatigue. It makes for forceful, easy writing. 
In finger movement the fingers are too short to 
propel the pen rapidly. They soon tire and fail to 
do the work rapidly or well. 

9. Make a list of two-space letters. 

Most authors give t and d as two space letters. 

See No. 6 for illustration of height of letters. 

10. What constitutes good writing ? 

Good writing is that which is easily read and 
rapidly written. 

11. If you are a poor writer how may you improve 
your writing ? 

A poor writer can improve himself by study¬ 
ing and practicing some good system of pennman- 
ship. 

12. Write the figures. 

See No. 6 for illustration of figures. 

13. What are the advantages of muscular writing? 

See No. 8. 

14. Of what benefit are movement exercises? 

See No. 2. 

15. Name two things necessary in order to be a 
good penman. 

To realize the importance of good writing and 
be ambitious to possess it. 

16. Give three movement drills of one line each. 

Three good movement drills are the direct oval, 

indirect oval and the push and pull exercise as 
shown in answer No. 18. 


QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 7 

17. Make a list of the one space letters. 

One space letters: aceimnouvwx. 

See No. 6 for illustration of height of letters. 

18. Write one line each of direct and reverse oval. 


Write three capital letters illustrating each use. 



“conno poop or?no- 





19. Name two things that have helped you to im¬ 


prove your penmanship. 

Answers vary. See 15. 















8 


PENMANSHIP 


20. Write the letters of the alphabet, grouping them 
according to the number of spaces above or below the base 
line. 

Most authors give them as follows: 

One space letters given in No. 17. 

Two space letters given in No. 9. 

One and one fourth space letters r and s. 

Two space above and one below is p. 

Three above or loop letters are b, h, k and 1. 

Three above and two below is f. 

One above and two below are g, q, y, z, j. 

See No. 6. 

21. What system of penmanship is taught in your 
county ? What are some of its good points ? 

Counties vary. Perhaps the two methods 
best known are Palmer and Zanarian. They are 
both based on muscular movement which develops 
rapidity and legibility. They also have excellent 
award systems for stimulating interest in the 
subject of penmanship. 

22. How would you show the puoil how to overcome 
the natural tendency to muscular rigidity? 

The suggestion of holding the pen loosely and 
sitting in a relaxed position often helps to over¬ 
come muscular rigidity. 

23. (a) What is the object of counting in penmanship 
drills? (b) Explain how you would start first grade chil¬ 
dren in writing. 

(a) The object is to develop a li'ght, uniform 
motion in class practice. It makes the work more 
interesting and tones down the movement of the 
naturally nervous pupil and acts as a constant 
spur to the slow pupil. It is one of the best means 


QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 9 

of arousing enthusiasm, keeping the class work¬ 
ing together, and giving definite ideas as to how 
fast to write. 

(b) I would start children on large movement 
exercises at the board, to avoid the habit of grip¬ 
ping the pencil and acquiring the finger move¬ 
ment. 

24. What use do you make of the blackboard: (a) by 
the teacher; (b) by the pupil? 

(a) Teachers should use the board to illus¬ 
trate form and demonstrate.the movement, how 
fast to write and in which direction. 

(b) The children should be sent to the board 
frequently to practice the same work as at the 
desk. Often a pupil is able to do well upon the 
board, work which he did poorly upon paper. 
After learning to do it on the board he can do it 
equally well upon paper. 

25. Give rule for the position a writer should oc¬ 
cupy in using muscular movement. 

See No. 1 

26. What four things are brought about by the use 
of muscular movement? 

Legibility, rapidity, ease and endurance. 

27. Why is it best for young children to write with 
pencil or crayon and much larger than ordinary script? 

Because, by so doing, we avoid pupils acquir¬ 
ing the habit of finger movement. It is natural 
for the child to write large, using the arm muscles 
but if we require small letters, he will attempt 
them with finger motion. 


10 


PENMANSHIP 


28. Give your reason for the lack of interest shown 
by pupils in becoming good penmen? Hew can we cor¬ 
rect this ? 

The reason for a lack of interest is that very 
few teachers know the subject well enough to 
teach it and consequently in many schools this 
subject is omitted from the program. The remedy 
is, better prepared teachers who go before the 
class fired with enthusiasm and the class will 
quickly catch the spirit and greatly improved 
writing will be the result. 

29. What two aims should be recognized in teaching 
writing? How are these aims to be acquired? 

Good form and freedom of movement. These 
can be acquired by drilling on the various move¬ 
ment exercises, paying attention to the position 
of body, pen and paper. 

30. Write the capital stem letters; the capital loop 
letters. 

The capital stem letters are H, K, M, N, U, V, 
W. X, Y, Z. 

The capital loop letters are G, I, J, L, S. 

See No. 6 for illustration of these letters. 

31. Upon what is the development of a good business 
hand dependent ? 

Upon the faithfulness with which a person 
practices a prescribed course of some good sys¬ 
tem of penmanship. 

32. What time of day would you consider best to 
teach penmanship? Why? How much time should be de¬ 
voted to it each week? 

The writing lesson should not follow active 
outdoor exercise and should come late, rather than 


QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 'll 

early in the day. There should be one period of at 
least fifteen minutes each day. It is well to en¬ 
courage pupils to practice the drills at spare mo¬ 
ments, as well as insisting on muscular movement 
in all written work. 

33. Write three capital letters which require a move¬ 
ment similar (a) to that of the direct oval; (b) three capi¬ 
tal letters which require a movement similar to reverse 
oval. 

(a) Three capital letters requiring a move¬ 
ment similar to the direct oval are 0, C and A as 
illustrated in exercises 4, 5 and 6 of Answer 18. 

(b) Three capital letters which require a 
movement similar to a reverse oval are P, Q and 
B as illustrated by exercises 8, 9 and 11 of An¬ 
swer 18. 

34. Write a letter ordering a bill of goods. 

Minden, Nebr., 
December 4, 1920, 

Montgomery Ward and Co. 

Chicago, Ill. 

Gentlemen: 

Find enclosed a check amounting to $20.60 
(twenty-sixty) for which please send me the fol¬ 
lowing order by express at your earliest conven¬ 
ience. 

One Riverside casing 30x3 1-2.$18.00 

One inner tube.....$ 2.60 

Total ......$20.60 

I am, 

Yours truly, 

John Doe. 





12 PENMANSHIP 

35. Write your favorite memory gem. 
Answers vary. The following is good. 



36. Write the following capitals, grouping according 
to similarity of movement: O, A, M, Q, C, N, V, E, Y. 

A, 0, E. C, are based on the direct oval. M, N, 
indirect oval. 

Q, V, Y, on the compound curve. 

37. Write a negotiable note. 

$45.00 Minden, Nebr., 

August 4, 1921. 

Six months after date I promise to pay John 
Smith or order Forty-five Dollars, value received 
with interest. R. 0. Jamison. 

38 Write a receipt in favor of your county superin¬ 
tendent for ten dollars in full payment for services as clerk 
in his office. 

$10.00 Minden, Nebr., 

October 4, 1920. 

Received from (Co. Supt.) Ten and no — 100 
Dollars, payment in full for services as clerk in 
the office. (Pupil) 


QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 13 

39 Write the figures, capitals, and small letters. 



40. What has rate of speed to do with good writing ? 

Correct speed forces a light firm line. Too lit¬ 
tle, results in shaky lines while excessive speed 
causes irregular letter formation. 

41. Name the points to be observed in writing a 
letter. 

The points to be observed in letter writing are: 

1. Heading, which includes the place and date, 

2. Introduction, which includes the name and 
address of the person to whom you are writing, 
and the salutation. 

3. Body, which includes all friendly or bus¬ 
iness communications. Care should be taken to 
properly punctuate, paragraph and allow margins. 

4. Complimentary close, includes words of 
courtesy or respect which follow a letter. 

5. Signature is the name of the writer of the 
letter. 

42. How may muscular movement in writing be ac¬ 
quired ? 

It may be acquired by constant practice of 
muscular movement exercises as well as doing all 
written work with muscular movement. 



14 


PENMANSHIP 


43. Write the proper form for the heading and saluta¬ 
tion of a business letter. 

See No. 34. 

44. Write the ten digits as a specimen of your hand¬ 
writing. 

See No. 39 for illustration of these figures. 

45. Write ail letters other than one space letters, 
illustrating their height. 

See No. 6 for illustration of letters. 

46. Write a letter (and address an envelope which 
you will draw) accepting an invitation to take dinner with 
a friend. 

Minden, Nebr. 

July 12, 1921. 

Dear Susie: 

It was kind of you to invite me for dinner next 
Wednesday and I shall be only too glad to accept 
for I know we will have a delightful visit. 

Accept my thanks for the invitation. 

Your friend, Sara. 


Miss Susie Smith, 

Minden, 

Nebraska. 








QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS lb 

47. How much time has been devoted each day to 
penmanship in your school, and at what time has it been 
taught during the day? (b) Do you think this enough to 
make you a good penman? 

(a) Answers vary, (b) See 32. 

48. Write the small letters and the figures as a speci¬ 
men of your best writing. Now try to make the rest of 
your paper compare with this, your best writing. 

See No. 6 for illustration of letters and figures. 

49. What are three of the good points in the system 
of penmanship taught in your county? 

The system most extensively used is the 
Palmer. 

Three good points of this system are that it 
teaches (1) Ease of movement; (2) Speed; and 
(3) Legibility., 

50. You are a poor writer. How may you improve 
your writing ? 

I would improve my writing by carefully fol¬ 
lowing instructions in some good manual. 

51. Should speed have anything to do with good writ¬ 
ing? If so, why 7 

It should. See No. 40. 



16 


DRAWING 


DRAWING 

1. Why do we study pictures ? Name three pictures M 
you like and tell why you like them. 

To cultivate an understanding of type forms 
of nature and art. 

To develop aesthetic judgment as well as ap¬ 
preciation of the great paintings. 

Answers will vary. “Angelus,” by Millet. 
Because it shows the devotion of the people, to¬ 
gether with their simple life. 

“The Mill,” by Jacob Ruisdael,because, with- j 
out a single feature of grandeur in the scenery, 
but with the grouping of the vessels and the - 
breaking of the sea, it makes a yery impressive | 
scene, representing the dead calm before the 
storm. # -A 

“The Sower,” by Millet; there is something 
grand about this character with the violent ges¬ 
ture and rugged outlines. 

2. Draw an open book. A closed book. 

Self explanatory. 

S. Draw a bushel basket filled with potatoes. 

Self explanatory. 

4. Make a drawing that will indicate spring of the 
year. 

Draw a scene showing trees in bloom. 

5. What is meant by free-hand drawing? 

Drawing executed by the hand without the 

aid of instruments, except pencil. 




17 


QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 

6. Make a drawing showing how to set the table for 
one person with the following silver and china: Salad 
fork, dinner fork, dinner knife, dessert spoon, coffee spoon, 
soup spoon, dinner plate, bread and butter plate, glass and 
napkin. (Girls.) 


Illustration showing placing of china and silver 

Silver 

1 Salad fork. 

2. Dinner fork. J 

3 Dinner knife. 

4 Dessert spoon 

5 Coffee spoon. 

6 Soup spoon. 

In using silver, use from the outside. 



7. Show by drawing some good method of testing 
seed corn. (Boys.) 

Self explanatory. 












18 


DRAWING 


8. Name the spectrum colors. 

Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, indigo. 

9. Name a flower or plant in each of which a differ¬ 
ent one of the spectrum colors prevail. Sketch one of 
the flowers you have named. 

Geranium is red. Sunflower is orange. But¬ 
tercup is yellow. Ferns are green. Bluebells are 
blue. Violets are violet. Flax is indigo. Sketch 
any of the flowers named. 

10. What is meant by “center of vision?’’ 

Center of vision or point of sight is that to 

which the eye of the spectator is directed when 
he looks straight ahead. 

11. Make a sketch of your schoolhouse. 

Sketches will vary. 

12. Write a “Mother Goose Rhyme” and illustrate it. 

Hickory, dickory, dock, 

The mouse ran up the clock, 

The clock struck one, 

The mouse ran down, 

Hickory, dickory, dock. 

Sketch a clock with the hands indicating 
“one.” Sketch a mouse running down the long 
pendulum, or jumping from the clock. 

13. What is a perspective drawing? 

The art of making upon a plane, called the 
picture plane, such a representation of objects 
that the lines of the drawing appear to coincide 
with those of the obiect, when the eye is at a fixed 
point called the station point. 

14. Name two pictures you have studied. Describe 
them and name the artists who painted them. 

Answers vary. 


19 


QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 

15. Draw a poster appropriate to the month of May. 

Sketch trees in blossom or some other spring 

scene. 

16. Draw three flowers which bloom during the 
month of May. 

Daisies, violets, buttercups, apple blossoms. 
Sketch any three. 

17. Draw one above the other, a cube, a sphere, and 
a cylinder. Each is so placed as to show the top. The 
cube stands so that one of its vertical edges is directly 
in front. Do not forget the foreshortened circle of the 
cylinder (teacher may explain). 

Self explanatory. 

18. On the table lies a book and in front and a little 
to the left stands a tall candlestick. Draw. 

Self explanatory. 

19. An old fashioned straight side cider jug with a 
brown top stands on the table, and beside it are two plain 
glasses. Draw. 

Self explanatory. 

20. Look from a window on a fiercely windy and 
rainy day. See four trees at a distance with their tops 
showing the force of the wind. Oblique light lines show 
that it rains as well as blows. Draw. 

Self explanatory. 

21. Draw a twig of autumn leaves, placed so all can 
see. If you have water colors or crayolas, color drawing if 
the leaves call for it. 

Self explanatory. 

22. Look out of school house window at some tree. 
Draw this with pencil as it appears to you. 

Self explanatory. 

23. Draw a bottle or vase sitting on the teacher’s 
desk before you. Shade along sides, diminishing toward 
middle of the object to show curvature of the object. 

Self explanatory. 


20 


DRAWING 


24. Draw some hat in reasonably good shape. Before 
beginning fix in mind the lines necessary to make the out¬ 
line of the drawing. Then fill in needed lines. 

Self explanatory. 

25. Draw a twig of autumn leaves from the twig on 
the desk before you. Use pencil or crayon. 

Self explanatory. 

26. Draw a man’s straw hat as it would appear to you 
if it were in front and a little above the level of the eye. 
It would be better if you could have the object so placed. 

Self explanatory. 

27. Draw the drinking pail as it appears to you when 
placed before you on the teacher’s desk. Shade along the 
sides, diminishing toward the middle of the pail to show 
the curvature of the pail. 

Self explanatory. 

28. Plan a simple valentine and draw it as neatly 
as you can. In it print, “To My Valentine.” 

Self explanatory. 

29. Indians were present at the first Thanksgiving. 
Draw a wigwam and some trees about it as a suggestion 
of the fact. 

Self explanatory. 

30. Draw an inch border, using a leaf as a suggestion. 

Self explanatory. 

31. Draw a box without a lid, below and to the left 
of the eye. 

Self explanatory. 

32. Define horizon line and draw a landscape illus¬ 
trating. 

The horizon line is the line in drawing where 
earth and sky seem to meet. Sketch a landscape 
scene. 


^ QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 21 

33. Draw a circle, a square, a triangle, a rectangle, 
an oval. 

Self explanatory. 

34. Make a drawing of a leaf of the “CORN” which 
is “KING” in Nebraska. Draw a “Feb. 1912” calendar, 
originating the ornamental part. 

Self explanatory. 

3&i Draw a cube above and to the right of the eye. 

Draw a leaf, using’ a triangle as its type shape. 

Self explanatory. 

36. Draw a leaf using a triangle as its type shape. 

Self explanatory. 

37. Draw a v inter scene four inches by five inches, 
'•ibowing a tree in the foreground, distani house, and rrees. 

Self explanatory. 

38. Make a drawing to represent your house. 

Self explanatory. 

39. Draw a design suitable for a wall decoration. 

Self explanatory. 

40. Make a drawing of a potato, apple, pumpkin. 

Self explanatory. 

41. What are construction lines? Give example. 

Construction lines are lines drawn lightly at 

the beginning to help locate and form the real 
outline of the object. They may be called imag¬ 
inary guides. 

42. Draw a glass partly filled with water, a little 
below the eye. 

Self explanatory. 

43. Define: horizon, axis. 

Horizon is where the earth and sky seem to 
meet. 


22 


DRAWING 

Axis of a solid is an imaginary line passing 
thru its center and about which the different parts 
are symmetrically arranged. 

44. Draw a double row of trees in perspective and 
leave construction lines. 

Self explanatory. 

45. How can a child be led to see the art in things ? 

By the study of good pictures, statuary, etc. 

46. Draw a calendar for December, making* the design 
appropriate for the month. 

Self explanatory. 

47. What plants, etc., can you find to use for draw¬ 
ing lessons in the month of May ? In October ? 

Daisy, violet, cherry blossoms are appropriate 
for Spring. (May) 

Autumn leaves or ripe fruit is appropriate for 
Fall (October). 

48. Make a drawing that will illustrate perspective. 

Self explanatory. 

49. Define a working drawing and illustrate by a 
drawing. 

A working drawing is a drawing that gives 
all the information necessary for a workman to 
construct the object. Example: Floor plans of a 
house. Plans of a school ground. 

50. Draw a bushel basket filled with potatoes. 

Self explanatory. 

51. Make a drawing that will indicate spring of the 
year. 

Self explanatory. 

52. Arrange within a rectangle a group of tree 
trunks rising against the sky. 

Self explanatory. 


QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 23 

53. Construct a border design, using the oak leaf 
as the central figure. 

Self explanatory. 

54. Write a paragraph on the subject of “Drawing 
in the public schools.” 

Drawing is essential as a lesson because it 
teaches pupils to use care, neatness and accuracy. 
It also creates a love for the beautiful and may be 
made the most interesting lesson of the day as 
there are such a variety of subjects to treat. 
Water coloring is especially good to create inter¬ 
est and often times with a little patience on the 
part of the teacher pupils are able to produce 
really beautiful drawings after only a few weeks' 
practice. Drawing, as well as writing, should be 
taught every day in order to obtain the best re¬ 
sults. 

55. What is an outline drawing? 

Outline drawing is the representation of 
an object by lines defining its extreme outside 
limits, and such abrupt changes in its surface as 
can be represented by individual lines. 

56. Name the six spectrum colors ? 

See No. 8. 

57. Name three great pictures, and the artist of each. 

“The Gleaners,” by Jules Breton. 

“Madonna of the Chair,” by Raphael. 

“Feeding Her Birds,” by Millet. 

58. What is your favorite picture? Write a para¬ 
graph telling why you like it, or what you like in it. 

Answers vary. 

59. Tell simply and clearly what you understand by 
horizon line; construction line; convergence. Illustrate 
these by drawings. 


24 


DRAWING 


See No. 32 and No. 41. Convergence is the 
tendency to come together as seen in foreshorten¬ 
ing. 

60. Draw a design for a book mark which shall be a 
gift for: (1) a friend who is fond of reading; or (2) a 
friend who likes skating; or (3) a friend who*is fond of 
Boys and Girls' Club Work. 

(1) Sketch a scene of an open fireplace with 
a library table and lamp near by while a comfort¬ 
able chair sets near the table upon which are scat¬ 
tered books and magazines. 

(2) Sketch some winter scene, perhaps a 
frozen pond upon which people are skating. 

(3) Sketch some article which the club rep¬ 
resents such as a pig for the Pig Club worker. 
A group of cans filled with vegetables or fruit for 
the Canning Club worker or a shock of corn for the 
Corn Club worker. Other ideas would probably 
suggest themselves. 

61. Draw, (1) a cube; (2) a square; (3) a rectangle; 
(4) a pyramid and (5) a cylinder. 

Self explanatory. 

DEFINITIONS 

Aesthetics. The science which treats of the 
beautiful, and its various modes of representation 
in Nature and art; the philosophy of the fine arts. 

Accent. Emphasis of light or of dark in a light- 
and-shade drawing; of dark in an outline drawing; 
and of color or of light and dark in a color sketch. 

Altitude. The perpendicular distance between 
the bases, or between the vertex and the base, of 
a solid or plane figure. 


QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 25 

Apex. The summit or highest point of an 
object. 

Appearance. The image produced in the eye by 
the outline, light and shade, or color of any 
object. 

Arrangement. The orderly disposition of ob¬ 
jects or forms. 

Axis of a Solid. An imaginary straight line 
passing through the center and about which the 
different parts are symmetrically arranged. 

Axis of a Figure. A straight line passing 
through the center of a figure, and dividing it 
into two equal parts. 

Axis of Symmetry. A straight line so placed in 
a solid or a plane figure that every straight line 
meeting it at right angles and extending in each 
direction to the boundary of the solid or figure is 
bisected at the point of meeting. In many solids 
and plane figures an axis of symmetry cannot be 
dawn. 

Balance. The equality of parts, obtained by the 
proper distribution of lines or of light and dark. 

Base. The opposite parallel polygons of prisms. 
The polygon opposite the vertex of a pyramid. 
The plane surfaces of cylinders and cones. The 
opposite parallel sides of a parallelogram or trap¬ 
ezoid. The shortest or longest side of an isosceles 
triangle, and any side in any other triangle, but 
usually the lowest. 

Bisect. To divide into two equal parts. 

Bisector. A line which bisects. 

Blend. To soften and bring together. 

Border. Ornament, usually composed of units 


DRAWING 


regularly repeated along a line. 

Concave. Curving inwardly. 

Concentric. Having a common center. 

Construction. The making of any object. 

Construction Lines. The lines by which the de¬ 
sired result is obtained. 

Constructive Drawing. A drawing intended for 
the workman who is to make the object. 

Contour. The outline of the general appear¬ 
ance of an object. 

Convergence. Lines extending toward a com¬ 
mon point, or planes extending toward a common 
line. 

Convex. Rising or swelling into a spherical or 
rounded form. 

Crescent. A figure of the shape of the new 
moon. 

Curvature. Variation from straightness. 

Curve. A line of which no part is straight. 

Cylinder. A solid bounded by a curved surface 
and by two opposite faces called bases; the bases 
may be ellipses, circles or other curved figures, 
and name the cylinder. Thus a circular cylinder 
(the ordinary form) is one whose bases are 
circles. 

Cylindrical. Having the general form of a 
cylinder. 

Diverging Lines. Lines extending from a com¬ 
mon point. 

Edge. The intersection of any two surfaces. 
The boundary line. Edges are straight or curved, 
and are represented by lines. 


QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 27 

Elevation. A drawing made on a vertical plane 
by means of projecting lines perpendicular to the 
plane from the points of the object. The terms 
elevation, vertical projection, and front view all 
have the same meaning. 

Face. One of the plane surfaces of a solid. It 
may be bounded by straight or curved edges. 

Foreshortening. Apparent decrease in length, 
due to a position oblique (or parallel) to the visual 
rays. 

Free Arm Movement. Movement of the arm 
from the shoulder. 

Free-hand. Executed by the hand, without the 
aid of instruments. 

Hemisphere. Half a sphere, obtained by bi¬ 
secting a sphere by a plane. 

Horizon. In pictorial art, a horizonal line at the 
level of the eye. 

Horizontal. Parallel to the surface of smooth 

water. 

Level of the Eye. The level or position of a 
horizontal plane passing through the spectator’s 
eye. 

Line. A line has length only. In a drawing its 
representation has width but is called a line. 

Straight. One which has the same direc¬ 
tion throughout its entire length. 

Curved. One no part of which is straight. 

Broken. One composed of different suc¬ 
cessive straight lines. 

Mixed. One composed of straight and 
curved lines. 


DRAWING 


38 

Center. A line used to indicate the center 
of an object. 

Construction. A working line used to ob¬ 
tain required lines. 

Dotted. A line composed of short dashes. 


Dash. A line composed of long dashes. 


Dot and Dash. A line composed of dots 
and dashes alternating.-■— 

Dimension. A line upon which a dimension 
is placed. 

Full. An unbroken line, usually represent¬ 
ing a visible edge. 

Shadow. A line about twice as wide as the 
ordinary full line. 

A straight line is often called simply a line, 
and a curved line, a curve. 

Longitudinal. In the direction of the length of 
an object. 

Model. A form used for study. 

Oblique. Neither horizontal nor vertical. 

Oblong. A rectangle with unequal sides. 

Ornament. Decorative arrangement of line, 
light and shade, color, or relief. 

Parallel. Having the same direction and every¬ 
where equally distant. 

Perspective. The art of making upon a plane, 
called the picture plane, such a representation of 
objects that the lines of the drawing appear to 
coincide with those of the object, when the eye is 
at one fixed point called the station point. 

Plan. Plan, horizonal projection, and top view 





QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 29 

have the same meaning, and designate the repre¬ 
sentation of an object made on a horizontal plane 
by means of vertical projecting lines. In archi¬ 
tecture it means a horizontal section. 

Profile. The contour outline of an object. 

Retreating. Going away from. 

Rosette. Arrangement of petal-like units about 
a center . 

Shadow. Shade and shadow have about the 
same meaning, as generally used; but it will be 
well to designate by shadow those parts of an ob¬ 
ject which are turned away from the direct rays 
of light, while those surfaces which receive less 
direct rays and are intermediate in value between 
the light and the shadow are called shade surfaces. 

Similar Figures are those which have the same 
shape. 

Solid. A solid has three dimensions, length, • 
breadth and thickness. It may be bounded by 
plane surfaces, by curved surfaces, or by both 
plane and curved surfaces. As commonly under¬ 
stood, a solid is a limited portion of space filled 
with matter, but geometry does not consider the 
matter and deals simply with the shapes and sizes 
of solids. 

Sphere. A solid bounded by a curved surface 
at every point of which is equally distant from a 
point within called the center. 

Working Drawing. One which gives all the in¬ 
formation necessary to enable the workman to 
construct the object. 



.30 


BOOKKEEPING 


BOOKKEEPING 

Q. 1.—What is bookkeeping? Why should a person 
know how to keep books ? 

A.— (a) Bookkeeping is the art, method or 
practice of recording business transactions in a 
systematic manner to show the true condition of 
a business. 

(b) It is often necessary to show other people 
facts about our business transactions and this 
can be done only by means of accurate records. 
Young people should early be taught to keep rec¬ 
ords of their daily receipts, expenditures and all 
credit transactions, even though it is only a few 
cents, for such a practice will serve as a check on 
extravagance and cultivate business habits which 
will be of great value in later life. 

Q. 2.—What is a note ? a check ? a draft ? a money 
order? a receipt? 

A.—A note, sometimes called a promissory note, 
is a written promise to pay to the order of a cer¬ 
tain party, or to bearer, a stated sum of money, 
at a specified time. 

A check is a written order for money drawn on 
a bank, banker or bank cashier, payable on de¬ 
mand without interest, to the person named 
therein, or to his order, or to bearer. 

A draft is an order from one bank or mercantile 
house to another to pay a specified sum of money 
to a third party. 

A money order is a government order for the 
payment of money issued at one postoffice and 
payable at another. 


QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 31 

A receipt is a written or printed acknowlege- 
ment of the acceptance of money, or whatever is 
specified therein. 

Q. 3.—George W. Cummings orders 12 Breasted Maps 
of the United States from the University Society of Chi¬ 
cago at $10 each. Write the letter ordering the maps. 

A.— 1322 Howard Street, 

Omaha, Nebraska, 
July 20, 1921 

University Society, 

Chicago, Illinois. 

Gentlemen: 

Please ship by Adam’s Express 12 (twelve) 
Breasted maps of the United States at $10 each. 
Respectfully, 

George W. Cummings. 

Q. 4 .—Write the bill for the maps sent Mr. Cummings. 

A_ Chicago, Illinois, 

July 27, 1921. 

Geo. W. Cummings, 

1322 Howard Street, 

Omaha, Nebraska. 

To University Society Dr. 

12 Breasted Maps at $10. $120.00 

Q. 5.—Write the check of Mr. Cummings in payment of 
the bill. The check is on the Farmers State Bank. 

A._ Omaha, Nebraska, 

August 3, 1921. 

FARMERS STATE BANK 
Pay to the order of University Society - $120.00 

One Hundred Twenty.Dollars 

Geo. W. Cummings. 



32 BOOKKEEPING 

Q. 6.—Make an inventory of the following articles found 
in the desk of a pupil: 1 Reader 85 cents, 1 Arithmetic 
90 cents. 1 Speller 35 cents, 1 Grammar 65 cents, 1 Phys¬ 
iology 75 cents, 1 Geography $1.20, 1 compass 35 cents, 2 
note books each 20 cents, 1 ruler 10 cents and 1 protractor 
15 cents. 

A.—Inventory of articles in pupil’s desk: 


1 Reader .$ .85 

1 Arithmetic . .90 

1 Speller .35 

1 Grammar . 65 

1 Physiology . .75 

1 Geography . 1.20 

1 Compass.35 

2 Note Books at 20c.40 

1 Ruler .10 

1 Protractor .15 

Total . $5.70 


Q. 7.—Horace Billings borrows $250 of Samuel Kent. 
He is to have the money for 90 days and is to pay 8 per 
cent interest. Write the note. 

A.— 

$255. Minden, Nebr., July 27, 1921. 

Ninety days after date, I promise to' pay to the 
order of Samuel Kent ---------- 

Two Hundred Fifty-five ----- Dollars 

at First National Bank. 

Value received with interest at 8 per cent. 

Horace Billings. 

Q. 8.—John Lawson has money deposited in the Farm¬ 
ers’ State Bank of Pawnee City. He owes Sawyer Barclay 
& Co. of the same place an account amounting to 62 dol¬ 
lars. He pays the amount by check. Write the check. 














QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 33 

A.— Pawnee City, Nebr., July 27, 1921. 

FARMER’S STATE BANK 
Pay to the order of Sawyer Barclay & Co. - - - 


Sixty-two ----- .Dollars. 

$62. John Lawson. 


Q. 9.—Write the receipt for the account given in the 
eighth question. 

A. — Pawnee City, Nebr., Aug. 21, 1921. 

$ 62 . 00 . 

Received from John Lawson, the sum of 
Sixty-two Dollars on account. 

Sawyer Barclay & Co. 

Q. 10.—Which is the best way to send money through 
the mails; by check, draft, money order, or currency? 
Why? 

A.—Money order or draft as there is a perma¬ 
nent record kept of where money is sent and who 
cashes the amount. 

Q. 11.—You purchase a bill of goods from C. F. Wil¬ 
liams and Company amounting to $25.40. You paid for the 
goods by check. Write the check. 

A. — Minden, Nebr., Aug. 3, 1921. 


FIRST NATIONAL BANK 

Pay to Jhe order of C. F. Williams & Co. - $25.40 
Twenty-five and 40-100 ----- ^ Dollars 


F. D. Lawson. 

Q. 12.—Mr. R. E. James owed you $40.50. He paid 
you today. Write a receipt for him. 




34 BOOKKEEPING 

A.— Minden, Nebr., July 10, 1922. 

Received of R. E. James - -. 

Forty and 50-100 .- - - Dollars 

in full of account to date. 

$40.50. Frank Smith. 

Blank receipts are generally used, which pro¬ 
vide spaces for names, amount, etc. When ordin¬ 
ary paper is used, the same form should be fol¬ 
lowed, date on first line, name on second, amount 
in words on third, whether in full settlement or 
not, on fourth, amount of figures on fifth, and also 
the signature. 

Q. 13.—How is a check, draft or a note endorsed? 

A.—A check, draft, note or any negotiable pa¬ 
per is endorsed by the holder writing his name 
upon the back. This is done to transfer the title 
or to enable another person to collect it. Unless ? 
there is an express provision to the contrary, the 
endorser is responsible for the payment. There 
are several kinds of endorsements. A few of the 
most important forms are illustrated below. 

Blank Endorsement 


J. E. Jones | 

•I 

I ' 

The bare signature of J. E. Jones on the back, 
constitutes a blank endorsement, which makes it 
payable to any holder. This is the most common 
form of endorsement. 









QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 

Full Endorsement 


35 


Pay to F. E. Miller, or order, 
J. E. Jones. 


This endorsement stops the transfer of the 
paper until F. E. Miller himself endorses it. It 
protects the endorsee (F. E. Miller) against the 
collection in case of loss. 

General Endorsement 


Pa-y to F. E. Miller. 

J. E. Jones. 


Under this form of endorsement, Miller cannot 
transfer the paper, even by endorsement, until he 
adds the words, “or order.” 

Endorsement for Deposit 

, --, 

For deposit, F. E. Miller 


This endorsement is used when the payee sends 
checks to the bank for deposit, and wishes to pro¬ 
tect himself against possible payment of the 
checks, or any portion of them, to the clerk by 
whom they are sent. 










36 


BOOKKEEPING 

Endorsement for Collection 


f . 4 

Pay to the First National Bank, 
or order, for collection. 

J, M. Stearns. 


This endorsement merely gives the bank, or 
any one whom it may designate, the power to col¬ 
lect the paper. 


Q. 14.—Of what value is it to a person to be able to 
write a good business letter? 

A.—When the replies to an advertisement of 
any kind are very numerous, possibly only the 
best-looking envelopes are opened, and perhaps 
not more than a half dozen are referred to the 
person who is to make the selection. It is import¬ 
ant, therefore, to pay careful attention to the 
arrangement of the address, and to write neatly 
on paper of a business size, expressing your 
thoughts very briefly and to the point as business 
men have no time to read a lengthy, poorly com¬ 
posed letter. 

Q. 15.—Write a business letter. 

A.— 2224 Osgood Street, 

Chicago, Ill., July 21, 1921. 

Mr. Oscar Warp, 

Minden, Nebr. 

Dear Sir:—Your ‘‘Eighth Grade Question 
Book” has just come to my notice, so I am writ¬ 
ing to ask the price and if you supply a teachers’ 
manual for same? 





QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 37 

From the description, I think I should like it 
for my class of 50 boys in September. 

Kindly let me hear from you at your earliest 
convenience as I do not expect to be at this ad¬ 
dress after August 1. 

Thanking you for any courtesy, I am, 

Yours sincerely, 

Sylvia James. 

Q. 16.—Answer a letter to a business man who has ad¬ 
vertised for an office boy or girl. 

A.—Answering an Advertisement. 

WANTED—Boy under 16, gram¬ 
mar-school graduate, good pen¬ 
man, and quick at figures. Steady 
adviancement to the right boy. 

Address in own handwriting: A. 

B. S., Courier Office. 

Letter 

157 Market Street, Odell, Ill. 

June 23, 1922. 

A. B. S., Courier Office, 

Salina, Kansas. 

Dear Sir: 

I beg leave to offer my services in reply to' 
your advertisement in the Courier today. I am 
15 years of age, and am now completing my first 
year of high school. I enclose copies of testi¬ 
monials from my pastor and my teachers. 

Respectfully yours, 

Jack Richard. 

Q. 17 . —Write-an order to your home grocer for a half 
dozen grocery supplies. 


38 BOOKKEEPING 

A,— 1933 Burlington Avenue, 

( Hastings, Nebraska, 

Sept. 5, 1922. 

United Grocery Company, 

Hastings, Nebraska. 

Gentlemen: 

Please deliver to my address as soon as pos¬ 
sible the following order: 

5 cans beans. 

3 loaves bread. 

2 cans cherries. 

10 pounds sugar. 

6 pounds coffee. 

I 1 pound cheese. 

Yours truly, 

Mrs. Frank Goss. 

Q. 18.—Write a grocer’s statement of* account for the 
above order. Receipt the bill, showing that payment 
has been made. 

A.— Hastings, Nebr., Sept. 6, 1922. 

Mrs. Frank Goss. 

Bought of United Grocery Co. Sept. 5, 1922. 


10 pounds sugar at 8c. .80 

5 cans beans at 20c.$1.00 

3 loaves bread at 10c.30 

2 cans cherries at 20c.40 

6 pounds coffee at 50c. 3.00 

1 pound cheese at 40c.40 

Total .$5.90 


Received payment January 1, 1923. 

United Grocery Company. 









QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 39 

Q. 19.—What is a debtor? Creditor? 

A.—A debtor is one who owes a debt. 

A creditor is one who gives credit or one to 
whom money is due. 

Q. 20.—What is an account? 

A.—An account is all debts and credits involved 
in a business transaction, arranged under a title 
or heading. 

Q. 21.—Name the sides of an account. 

A.— There are two sides ; the left hand or debit 
side which contains the sums for which the ac¬ 
count has become indebted to the business, and 
the right hand or credit side which contains the 
sums for which the business has become indebted 
to the account. 

Q. 22.—What are resources? Liabilities? 

A.-— The Resources of a firm consist of all prop¬ 
erty belonging to the firm, such as cash, mer¬ 
chandise, real estate, bills receivable, furniture 
and fixtures, etc., and all debts owed to the firm 
by other firms or persons. 

Liabilities of a firm consist of all debts owed by 
the firm such as accounts payable, interest due 
and unpaid, rent due and unpaid, and everything 
else for which the firm is liable for payment. 

Q. 23.—What is the balance of an account? 

A.— The balance of an account is the difference 
between the respective sums of the debit and 
credit sides. 

Q. 24.—What two systems of bookkeeping are there ? 

A.— The two systems of bookkeeping are: 

Single Entry which usually provides for keep¬ 
ing accounts with persons only. Only a value 


40 


BOOKKEEPING 


received” or a ‘‘value given” is named in the 
record of a simple transaction. 

Double Entry is a system wherein for every 
“value received” a corresponding “value given” is 
named in the record, hence two entries or “double 
entry.” 

Q. 25.—What books are necessary in single entry? 
Double entry? 

A.—The books necessary in single entry are 
daybook, journal, cashbook, and ledger. In double 
entry are used daybook, journal, ledger, cash¬ 
book, salesbook, invoice book, billbook, passbook, 
and timebook. 

.Q. 26.—How should an entry be made in a daybook? 

A.—In making an entry give the date, nature 
of the transaction, name of person, firm or cor¬ 
poration, nature of the payment, items with price. 

Q. 27.—What is the use of the ledger? Journal? 

A.—The ledger is the final book and contains 
a record of all the debits and credits of every bus¬ 
iness transaction. These are arranged under ap¬ 
propriate heads, giving in condensed form a state¬ 
ment of each account. 

The journal is a book between the day book and 
ledger and contains a classified list of all debits 
and credits found in the day book. Its use is to 
simplify a transfer of debits to the ledger. 

Q. 28—What is posting? 

A.—Posting is the transferring of debits and 
credits to the ledger. 

Q. 29.—What is an invoice book? 

A.*—An invoice book is a book for keeping a 
record of goods bought, from whom purchased and 
on what terms. 


QUESTION'S AND ANSWERS 41 

Q. 30.—Define gain, loss. 

> A.—The Gains of a business are the profits de¬ 
rived from all sources, such as merchandise, sale 
of real estate, interest and discount paid or allow¬ 
ed to the firm, and anything else that shows a 
profit in handling. 

The Losses of a business consist of those 
amounts paid out for running expenses which are 
usually charged to the expense ‘account. All 
amounts paid out for interest and discount are 
also losses. 

Q. 31.—What are “notes receivable” and “notes pay¬ 
able?” 

A.—Notes receivable are notes due the firm. 

Notes payable are notes to be paid by the firm. 

Q. 32.—What Is merchandise? Investment? Insol¬ 
vency? Trial balance? 

A.—Merchandise is anything bought and sold. 

An investment is a certain amount of money 
or its equivalent in property put into a business. 

Capital is the whole investment of the business. 

Insolvency -is the condition of a business that 
cannot pay its debts. The liabilities exceed the 
resources. 

Trial balance is a test of the correctness of 
the ledger. 

Q. 33.—Why should we know how to keep books ? 

A.—Everybody that earns and spends may be 
said to be in business—the boy, the girl, the la¬ 
borer, the mechanic, the farmer, the physician, 
the housewife, the clerk, etc. 

For the proper management of one’s financial 
affairs the keeping of accounts is essential. An 


42 


BOOKKEEPING 


examination of the receipts and expenditures will 
often suggest ways of increasing the income and 
of decreasing the outgo. 

While yet in school, boys and girls should ac¬ 
quire the habit of keeping a record of money re¬ 
ceived and spent. 

Also see No. 1. 

Q. 34.—What te debit? Credit? 

A.—Debit is a term applied to amounts that 
are entered on the left-hand, or “debit” column of 
a book or an account. 

Credit is a term applied to amounts that are en¬ 
tered on the right-hand or “credit” column of a 
book or account. 

Q. 35.—John Jones bought the following of C. C. Brown 
& Co.: 1 sack flour at $1.65, 3 bu. potatoes at $1.25, 1 
sack meal at $.50. Make an itemized bill for the account. 


Aurora, Nebr., Aug. 1, 1922. 

John Jones 

Bought of C. C. Brown & Co. 


1 sack flour at $1.65 


65 

3 bu. potatoes at $1.25 

3 

75 

1 sack meal at .50 


50 


$5 

90 











QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 43 

Q. oG.—Name three safe ways of sending money through 
the mails. 

A.—Money may be safely sent through the 
mails in the form of Postoffice Money Order, Ex¬ 
press Money Order or Bank Draft. 

Q. 37.—What is the object of keeping a cash account ? 

A.—The purpose of a cash account is to keep a 
record of all cash received and all cash paid out. 

Q. 38.—Make out a cash account from the following: 
Received $5.25 for eggs, $10.25 for butter, $30 salary. You 
paid out $3.75 for a hat, $2.60 for gloves, $1.05 for stamps. 

A.— Cash 

Dr. Cr. 


11 

1 |To eggs 


$5 

25 

i 

i 


By hat 


$3 

75 

| |To butter 


10 

25 

i 


By gloves 


2 

60 

I |To salary 

1 1 


30 

00 

i 


By stamps 


1 

05 


We debit cash when it is received and credit 


cash when it is paid out. 

Q. 39.—What is the general purpose of bookkeeping ? 

A.—The general purpose of bookkeeping is to 
keep a plain and systematic record of business 
transactions and of the profits and losses that re¬ 
sult from these transactions. 

Q. 40.—What does the term “cash” include? 

A.—The term “cash” includes money on hand or 
in bank or any demand or sight paper immediate¬ 
ly convertible into cash, as checks, bank drafts, 
express or post-office money orders, etc. 

Q. 41.—What is the purpose of the cash account? 

A.—The purpose of a cash account is to keep a 
record of all cash received and all cash paid out. 
















44 BOOKKEEPING 

Q. 42.—What is shown by the respective sides of the 
cash account? 

A.—The debit side shows all cash received and 
the credit side shows all cash paid out. 

Q. 43.—Which side of the cash account should be the 
greater, and why ? 

A. —The debit side should be the greater as we 
cannot pay out more cash than we receive. 

Q. 44.—What does the balance of the cash account show ? 

A.—The balance shows the amount of cash on 
hand. 

Q. 45. — What does the term “Merchandise” imply? 

A.*—The term “Merchandise means all goods in 
which we deal for the purpose of profit. 

Q. 46.—What is a personal account ? 

A.—A personal account is an account with a 
/person or firm. 

Q. 47.—What is meant by selling goods on account? 

A.— Selling goods “on account” means selling 
without receiving payment for them at the time 
of making the sale. 

Q. 48.-r^In writing a note, what specifications-should 
be set forth? 

A.—In writing a note we should specify the 
place of the note, time, date, name of the payee, 
rate of interest if any, and the maker's signature. 

Q. 49.—What facts should an invoice set forth? 

A.— The invoice should set forth the quantity 
and kinds of goods sold, the price, total amount of 
each item, and the discount allowed, if any; also 
the buyer’s address, the date, terms of the sale, 
and a receipt by the seller of any payment that 
may have been made. 


QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 45 

Q. 50.—What is the purpose of an expense account? 

A.—The purpose of the expense account is to 
show the amount expended for ordinary running 
expenses. 

Q. 51.—What is bookkeeping? 

A.—Bookkeeping is the art or practice of keep¬ 
ing a systematic record of business transactions, 
so as to show their relation to each other and the 
condition of the business. 

Q. 52.—Of what value is the study of bookkeeping? 

A.—Bookkeeping is of value for the following 
reasons: 

1. It trains us to record business transactions 
accurately. 

2. It gives us a knowledge of business terms, 
documents and methods of banking. 

3. It trains us in the various types of busi¬ 
ness organization and management. 

4. It instils habits of neatness, accuracy, and 
various other good habits. 



Teachers’ Penmanship Review Book. 

This is a thirty-two page booklet containing 
questions asked in past Teachers’ Examinations 
with complete answers by J. A. Stryker, who for 
many years was penmanship instructor in the Ne¬ 
braska State Normal and at one time president of 
the American Penmanship Association. 

It contains material that is of great value to 
any one teaching penmanship or who is inter¬ 
ested in self-improvement. 

Each Normal Training student should possess a 
copy. 

(Price 40c postpaid.) 


THE NEBRASKA QUESTION BOOK 

<A complete list of the questions for TEACHERS’ EX¬ 
AMINATIONS, by State Superintendent of Public Instruc¬ 
tion of Nebraska, since 1905 to date of publication. A 200 
page book containing nearly ten thousand questions on 
Grammar, Arithmetic, Reading, History, Geography, Pen¬ 
manship, Physiology, Orthography, English Composition, 
Grammar Methods, Drawing, Civil Government, Agriculture, 
Bookkeeping, Algebra, Botany, General History, Medieval 
History, History of Education, Chemistry, English Liter¬ 
ature, Zoology, Physical Geography, Geology, Psychology, 
Trigonometry, Rhetoric, Child Study, School Management, 
Theory of Education, School Hygiene, Primary Metho„ds, 
Moral Education, Theory and Art °f Teaching and Public 
School Music. A valuable book for Normal Training Teach¬ 
ers, or anyone preparing for teachers’ examinations. 

PRICE ONE DOLLAR 

Warp Publishing Company 

Minden, Nebraska 



ORDER SHEET 

WARP PUBLISHING COMPANY, 

Minden, Nebraska. 

Date . .. ....... . . , 192 . 

Gentlemen: Please send postpaid, the number of books 
listed in left hand margin .below to 

Name ...... ..- ..... 

Post Office . ..... .. .... 

Box_R. F. D.. State.... . . . 

No. Copies | Description 

__ j 

__ i Eighth Grade Question Book. 


Geography ..Ques. and Ans. 

Physiology .....Ques. and Ans. 

Agriculture ......Ques. and Ans. 

U. S. History ....... Ques, and Ans. 

Reading .....Ques. and Ans. 

Orthography ....Ques. and Ans. 

Civil Government ...Ques. and Ans, 

Gram, and Composition_Ques. and Ans. 

Arithmetic (Written and 

Mental With Solutions) .Ques. and Ans, 

Bookkeeping, Penmanship 

and Drawing .....Ques. and Ans. 

Copies at.cents per copy, $..... .... 


Total the above and if your order is for four or more they 
will be 35 cents each, and if 25 or more, 30 cents each. 
Single copies 40 cents. 












































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